Las fuentes en el sistema híbrido de mediosla cobertura de la desigualdad en la pandemia

  1. Odriozola Chéné, Javier 1
  2. Pérez Arozamena, Rosa 2
  1. 1 Universidad Internacional de Valencia
    info

    Universidad Internacional de Valencia

    Valencia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00gjj5n39

  2. 2 Universidad Camilo José Cela
    info

    Universidad Camilo José Cela

    Villanueva de la Cañada, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03f6h9044

Revista:
Revista de comunicación

ISSN: 1684-0933 2227-1465

Ano de publicación: 2023

Volume: 22

Número: 2

Páxinas: 399-416

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.26441/RC22.2-2023-3236 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Revista de comunicación

Resumo

The arrival of the Internet has involved a significant transformation of the media ecosystem. The legacy media have lost their monopoly on mass communication processes and have had to coexist with new media actors. In this context, the old and new logics of journalistic production coexist and interact in such a way that the old and new media adapt and co-evolve. The objective of this research is to show the effect of these changes in journalistic content in relation to the use of information sources and their identity and origin. For this purpose, a content analysis is carried out on a sample of 958 news contents developed by six Spanish online media during the first year of the pandemic to address the increase in inequality as a consequence of this crisis. The results reveal, on the one hand, how dynamics related to the new media ecosystem could limit the use of news sources and reduce the journalistic quality. Nevertheless, on the other hand, they also indicate how the greater importance given to social actors, who have not traditionally been the focus of media attention, contributes to the enhancement of news products.

Información de financiamento

Financiadores

  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
    • Noticias, redes y usuarios en el sistema híbrido de medios. Transformación de la industria de medios y la noticia en la era post-industrial (referencia RTI2018-095775-B-C43)

Referencias bibliográficas

  • AIMC. (2020a). Los cambios sociales y su impacto en los medios, protagonistas de AIMC Cuaderno de Bitácora. https://bit.ly/3CTTdAa
  • AIMC. (2020b). La Comisión de Seguimiento para la Medición Digital pone en marcha el nuevo concurso. https://bit.ly/3yCVdeG
  • AIMC. (2021). GfK, medidor mejor valorado en el concurso para la medición digital en España. https://bit.ly/3JEISgv
  • Anderson, C. W. (2017). Knowledge, Expertise, And Professional Practice in the Sociology of Michael Schudson. Journalism Studies, 18(10), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1335609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1335609
  • Anderson, C.W., Bell, E., & Shirky, C. (2014). Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia Journalism School. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8N01JS7
  • Andueza López, B., & Pérez Arozamena, R. (2016). Televisión espectacular: análisis de los rótulos de los sumarios en los informativos. Opción, 32(9), 108-130. http://bit.ly/3ZKdXF1
  • Barlovento Comunicación. (2020). Informe Barlovento: balance del consumo de televisión durante el Estado de Alarma. https://bit.ly/3tfxxv0
  • Berrocal Gonzalo, S., Redondo García, M.M., & Campos Domínguez, E.M. (2012). Una aproximación al estudio del infoentretenimiento en Internet: origen, desarrollo y perspectivas futuras. adComunica. Revista de estrategias, tendencias e innovación en comunicación, (4), 63-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/2174- 0992.2012.4.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6035/2174-0992.2012.4.5
  • Berrocal Gonzalo, S., Redondo García, M., Martín Jiménez, V., & Campos Domínguez, E. (2014). La presencia del infoentretenimiento en los canales generalistas de la TDT española. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (69), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2014-1002
  • Breindl, Y. (2016). Activists as News Producers. En T. Witschge; C. W. Anderson; D. Domingo & A. Hermida (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism (pp. 251-265). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957909.n17
  • Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2013). Twitter as a news source: How Dutch and British newspapers used tweets in their news coverage, 2007–2011. Journalism practice, 7(4), 446-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.802481
  • Carlson, M. (2016). Sources as News Producers. En T. Witschge; C. W. Anderson; D. Domingo & A. Hermida (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism (pp. 236-250). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957909.n16
  • Casals Carro, M. J. (2005). Periodismo y sentido de la realidad. Teoría y análisis de la narrativa periodística. Fragua.
  • Casero-Ripollés, A. (2012). El periodismo político en España: algunas características definitorias. En A. Casero-Ripollés (ed.), Periodismo político en España: concepciones, tensiones y elecciones (pp. 19-46). Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social. http://hdl.handle.net/10234/80553
  • Casero-Ripollés, A., & López-Rabadán, P. (2013). La gestión de fuentes informativas como criterio de calidad profesional. En J.L. Gómez-Mompart, F. Gutiérrez-Lozano & D. Palau-Sampaio (eds.), La Calidad periodística: teorías, investigaciones y sugerencias profesionales (pp. 73-89). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Universitat Jaume I y Universitat de València.
  • Castelli, E. (1995). Manual de Periodismo. Plus ultra.
  • Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001
  • Chua, S., & Duffy, A. (2019). Friend, Foe or Frenemy? Traditional Journalism Actors’ Changing Attitudes towards Peripheral Players and Their Innovations. Media and Communication, 7(4), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i4.2275
  • De Fontcuberta, M.M. (1993). La noticia. Pistas para percibir el mundo. Paidós.
  • Del Castillo, C. (2020, 27 diciembre). Así se mide la audiencia de los periódicos digitales en España: la diferencia entre lectores y 'paracaidistas'. eldiario.es. http://bit.ly/3TcFCMc
  • Diezhandino, M.P. (2009). Criterio Noticioso. El quehacer periodístico ante el desafío digital. Pearson
  • Dimitrova, D. V., & Strömbäck, J. (2009). The Conditionality of Source Use: comparing source use in U.S. and Swedish television media. Journal of Global Mass Communication, 2(1/2), 149-166. https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/96528
  • Dircomfidencial (2019, 23 de enero). El ranking de audiencias de medios digitales, muy cerca de tocar techo tras estrecharse. Dircomfindencial.com. http://bit.ly/3mRFwOb
  • Eldridge, S. (2020). Legitimating New Media Actors: Unwelcome Strangers To The Journalistic Field. In S. Peña-Fernández, K. Meso-Ayerdi, A.Larrondo-Ureta (Eds.), Active Audiences: Empowering Citizens' Discourse In The Hybrid Media System (pp. 15-26). McGraw-Hill.
  • Ericson, R. V., Baranek, P. M., & Chan, J. B. (1989). Negotiating control a study of news sources. Open University Press.
  • Fidalgo, J. (2009, November 19-21). Journalism: new media, new actors - new ethics? [Conference session] International Conference Journalism Research in the Public Interest, Winterthur, Zurich, Switzerland. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/29750/1/JF_New%20media-new%20ethics_ZURICH.pdf
  • Franklin, B. (2011). Sources, credibility and the continuing crisis of UK journalism. En Franklin, B.; Carlson, M. (orgs.), Journalists, sources and credibility (pp. 90-107). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835708
  • Franklin, B., & Carlson, M. (2011). Journalists, sources and credibility. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835708
  • Gallego-Ayala, J., & Luengo-Cruz, M. (2014). Periodismo social. Síntesis.
  • Godler, Y., & Reich, Z. (2017). Journalistic evidence: Cross-verification as a constituent of mediated knowledge. Journalism, 18(5), 558-574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915620268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884915620268
  • Gomis, L. (1991). Teoría del periodismo: cómo se forma el presente. Paidós.
  • Greene González, M. F., Cerda Diez, M. F., & Ortiz Leiva, G. (2022). Prácticas periodísticas en tiempos de pandemia de coronavirus. Un estudio comparado entre Chile y Colombia. Revista De Comunicación, 21(1), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.1-2022-A10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC21.1-2022-A10
  • Guallar, J., Franch, P., Boté-Vericad, J.-J., & Anton, L. (2022). How do legacy and digital media curate coronavirus content. An assessment of newsletters from the USA and four European countries. El profesional de la información, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.18
  • Guardino, M. (2019). Framing inequality: News media, public opinion, and the neoliberal turn in US public policy. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888183.001.0001
  • Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867
  • Holton, A., & Belair-Gagnon, V. (2018). Strangers to the Game? Interlopers, Intralopers, and Shifting News Production. Media and Communication, 6(4), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1490
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage.
  • Labio Bernal A. (2008). Periodismo de entretenimiento: la trivialización de la prensa de referencia. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 14, 435-447. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/ESMP0808110435A
  • Lewis, J., Williams, A., & Franklin, B. (2008). A compromised fourth estate? UK news journalism, public relations and news sources. Journalism studies, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701767974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701767974
  • Lozano, J.C. (2004). Infotainment in national TV news: A comparative analysis of Mexican, Canadian and U.S. news programs. Actas de la Annual Conference of the International Association for Media and Communication Research. Porto Alegre: IAMCR/AIERI.
  • Manninen, V. (2017). Sourcing practices in online journalism: an ethnographic study of the formation of trust in and the use of journalistic sources. Journal of Media Practice, 18(2-3), 212-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1375252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1375252
  • Manning, P. (2012). News and news sources: A critical introduction. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446218082
  • Masip, P., Aran-Ramspott, S., Ruiz-Caballero, C., Suau, J., Almenar, E., & Puertas-Graell, D. (2020). Consumo informativo y cobertura mediática durante el confinamiento por el Covid-19: sobreinformación, sesgo ideológico y sensacionalismo. El profesional de la información, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.12
  • McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(77)80008-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
  • McKay, A. (2002). Defining and Measuring Inequality. Overseas Development Institute. https://bit.ly/3dAQqnj
  • Medoff, N.J., & Kaye, B. (2017). Electronic Media: Then, Now, and Later (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315697031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315697031
  • Medoff, N. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2021). Now Media: The Evolution of Electronic Communication (4th Edition). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003020721
  • Mellado, C., Márquez-Ramírez, M., Mothes, C., & Humanes, M. L. (2021). News Beat Fluidity in Civic, Infotainment, and Service Role Performance Across Cultures. Journalism Practice, 15(9), 1240-1271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1971548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1971548
  • Moya-Morales, M. C. (2000). Persuasión y cambio de actitudes. En J.F. Morales-Domínguez & C. Huici-Casal (coords.), Psicología social (153-170). Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S. & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://bit.ly/3IoiCTw
  • Odriozola-Chéné, J., Díaz-Noci, J., Serrano-Tellería, A., Pérez-Arozamena, R., Pérez-Altable, L., Linares-Lanzman, J., García-Carretero, L., Calvo-Rubio, L. M., Torres-Mendoza, M., & Antón-Bravo, A. (2020). Inequality in times of pandemics: How online media are starting to treat the economic consequences of the coronavirus crisis. El profesional de la información, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.03
  • Odriozola-Chéné, J., & Pérez-Arozamena, R. (2022). La relevancia de la desigualdad en los cibermedios españoles en un año de pandemia. Cuadernos.info, (52), 136–159. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.52.45419 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.52.45419
  • O’Neill, D., & O’Connor, C. (2008). The passive journalist: How sources dominate local news. Journalism practice, 2(3), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512780802281248
  • Paulussen, S., & Harder, R. A. (2014). Social media references in newspapers: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as sources in newspaper journalism. Journalism practice, 8(5), 542-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.894327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.894327
  • Randall, D. (2016). The Universal Journalist (5th ed.). Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1bh4b0w DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1bh4b0w
  • Reich, Z., & Barnoy, A. (2019). Disagreements as a form of knowledge: How journalists address day-to-day conflicts between sources. Journalism, 22(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918825007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918825007
  • Reich Z., & Godler, Y. (2014) A time of uncertainty: The effects of reporters’ time schedule on their work. Journalism studies 15(5), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.882484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.882484
  • Reese, S.D. (2010). Journalism and Globalization. Sociology Compass, 4(6), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00282.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00282.x
  • Rodríguez Carcela, R. (2016). Las fuentes informativas en el periodismo de sucesos. Análisis en la prensa escrita. Correspondencias & Análisis, (6), 197-218. https://doi.org/10.24265/cian.2016.n6.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24265/cian.2016.n6.11
  • Ruiz, A., & Albertini, E. (2021). Fuentes periodísticas: concepto, clasificación y modos de uso: Un recorrido por los principales aportes teóricos. Tram[p]as de la comunicación y la cultura, (60). http://bit.ly/3YCAXEF
  • Sanahuja-Sanahuja, R. y López-Rabadán, P. (2022). La gestión de fuentes como criterio de calidad en el periodismo de verificación. Uso y tendencias en la cobertura de la COVID-19 en España. Hipertext.net, (24), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2022.i24.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31009/hipertext.net.2022.i24.02
  • Seeger, M., Sellnow, T., & Ulmer, R. (2003). Communication and organizational crisis. Sage.
  • Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the message in the 21st century: A media sociology perspective. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203930434
  • Sigal, L. V. (1986). Sources make the news. En R. K. Manoff & M. Schudson (eds.), Reading the News (pp. 9-37). Pantheon
  • Singer, J. B. (2005). The political j-blogger: ‘Normalizing’ a new media form to fit old norms and practices. Journalism, 6(2), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884905051009
  • Thussu, D. K. (2015). Infotainment. En G. Mazzoleni (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc152
  • Van Leuven, S., Kruikemeier, S., Lecheler, S., & Hermans, L. (2018). Online and newsworthy: Have online sources changed journalism? Digital Journalism, 6(7), 798-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1498747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1498747
  • Venger, O. (2019). The use of experts in journalistic accounts of media events: A comparative study of the 2005 London Bombings in British, American, and Russian newspapers. Journalism, 20(10), 1343-1359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919830479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919830479
  • Von Nordheim, G., Boczek, K., & Koppers, L. (2018). Sourcing the Sources: An analysis of the use of Twitter and Facebook as a journalistic source over 10 years in The New York Times, The Guardian, and Süddeutsche Zeitung. Digital journalism, 6(7), 807-828. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1490658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1490658
  • Wintterlin, F., Blöbaum, B. (2016). Examining Journalist’s Trust in Sources: An Analytical Model Capturing a Key Problem in Journalism. En: B. Blöbaum (ed.), Trust and Communication in a Digitized World. Models and Concepts of Trust Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28059-2_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28059-2_4