Diferencias en ansiedad ante los exámenes en función de los niveles de autoestima en estudiantes de Educación Primaria
- Freire Rodríguez , Carlos 1
- Ferradás Canedo , María del Mar 2
- Suárez Fernández, María 2
- 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de La Coruña, Campus de Elviña, Coruña, España
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de La Coruña
ISSN: 2530-0776, 2340-924X
Año de publicación: 2021
Título del ejemplar: June 2021 Early View
Volumen: 9
Número: 1
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: European Journal of Child Development, Education and Psychopathology
Resumen
Si bien la ansiedad ante los exámenes ha estado tradicionalmente presente en etapas académicas medias y superiores, se ha constatado un significativo incremento de este fenómeno en la población de estudiantes de Educación Primaria. Las importantes repercusiones físicas, psicológicas y académicas que puede conllevar la ansiedad ante los exámenes en la población escolar han suscitado un creciente interés por identificar los factores personales que podrían reducir la probabilidad de aparición de estos estados patológicos. En esta línea, en el presente estudio se analizó la existencia de diferencias significativas en el grado de ansiedad ante los exámenes experimentada por el estudiantado en función de su nivel de autoestima. Participaron en la investigación 326 estudiantes de cuarto, quinto y sexto curso de Educación Primaria. Los niveles de autoestima se determinaron con base en los percentiles 33 y 66. Las diferencias en ansiedad ante los exámenes se estimaron mediante un ANOVA. Se encontraron niveles significativamente más bajos de ansiedad ante los exámenes cuanto mayor es la autoestima del estudiantado, y viceversa. Las diferencias entre los tres grupos de autoestima fueron estadísticamente significativas. Estos hallazgos parecen apuntar a que la alta autoestima puede constituir un recurso psicológico de protección frente a la ansiedad ante los exámenes en la etapa de Educación Primaria.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Alpert, R., y Haber, R.N. (1960). Anxiety in academic achievement situations. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 207-215. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0045464
- Aydin, U. (2017). Test Anxiety: Do gender and school-level matter? European Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 187-197. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1138268
- Bausela Herreras, Esperanza . (2005). Ansiedad ante los exámenes: evaluación e intervención psicopedagógica. Educere, 9(31), 553-557. Recuperado en 24 de enero de 2021, de http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1316-49102005000400017&lng=es&tlng=es
- Bayani, A.A. (2016). The effect of self-esteem, self-efficacy and family social support on test anxiety in elementary students: A path model. International Journal of School Health, 3(4): e34677. https://dx.doi.org/10.17795/intjsh-34677
- Bennett, J. (2009). Country case study: Australia (New South Wales). En B. Vlaardingerbroek y N. Taylor (Eds.), Secondary school external examination systems (pp. 55-80). Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.
- Boehme, K.L., Goetz, T., y Preckel, F. (2017). Is it good to value math? Investigating mothers’ impact on their children’s test anxiety based on control‐value theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 51, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.05.002
- Carey, E., Devine, A., Hill, F., y Szűcs, D. (2017). Differentiating anxiety forms and their role in academic performance from primary to secondary school. PloS One, 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174418
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cvencek, D., Fryberg, S.A., Covarrubias, R., y Meltzoff, A.N. (2018). Self-concepts, self-esteem, and academic achievement of minority and majority North American elementary school children. Child Development, 89(4), 1099-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12802
- Ergene, T. (2003). Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction. School Psychology International, 24(3), 313-328. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01430343030243004
- Finney, S.J., y DiStefano, C. (2006). Nonnormal and categorical data in structural equation models. En G.R. Hancock, y R.O. Mueller (Eds.), A second course in structural equation modeling (pp. 269 - 314). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
- Freire, C., Ferradás, M. M., Fernández, S., & Barca, E. (2019). Ansiedad ante los exámenes en estudiantes de educación primaria: diferencias en función del curso y del género. Publicaciones, 49(2), 151–168. http://hdl.handle.net/2183/25202
- Giofrè, D., Borella, E., y Mammarella, I.C. (2017). The relationship between intelligence, working memory, academic self-esteem, and academic achievement. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29, 731-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2017.1310110
- IBM Corp (2019). SPSS STATISTICS for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.
- Khng, K.H. (2017). A better state-of-mind: Deep breathing reduces state anxiety and enhances test performance through regulating test cognitions in children. Cognition and Emotion, 31, 1502-1510. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1233095
- Leadbeater, B., Thompson, K., y Gruppuso, V. (2012). Co-occurring trajectories of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and oppositional defiance from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 719–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.694608
- Lohbeck, A., Nitkowski, D. y Petermann, F. (2016). A control-value theory approach: Relationship between academic self-concept, interest, and test anxiety in elementary school children. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 887–904. https://doi.org/10.30827/10.1007/s10566-016-9362-1
- Lowe, P.A. (2019). Expression and level of test anxiety in a sample of elementary students. Higher Education Studies, 12(3), 1-9. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1207096
- Lowe, P.A., Lee, S.W., Witteborg, K.M., Prichard, K.W., Luhr, M.E., Cullinan, C.M. …Janik, M. (2008). The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents (TAICA): Examination of the psychometric properties of a new multidimensional measure of test anxiety among elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26, 215 - 230. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734282907303760
- Marsh, H.W., y Craven, R. G. (2006). Reciprocal effects of self-concept and performance from a multidimensional perspective: Beyond seductive pleasure and unidimensional perspectives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 133-163. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2006.00010.x
- Meijer, J. (2001). Learning potential and anxious tendency: Test anxiety as a bias in educational testing. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 14(3), 337-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800108248361
- Orth, U., y Robins, R.W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414
- Pekrun, R., y Perry, R.P. (2014). Control-value theory of achievement emotions. En R. Pekrun y L. Linnenbrink-Garcia (Eds.), International handbook of emotions in education (pp. 120–141). New York, NY: Taylor y Francis.
- Peleg, O., Deutch, C., y Dan, O. (2016). Test anxiety among female college students and its relation to perceived parental academic expectations and differentiation of self. Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 428-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lindif.2016.06.010
- Putwain, D.W., y Daly, A.L. (2014). Test anxiety prevalence and gender differences in a sample of English secondary school students. Educational Studies, 40, 554–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2014.953914
- Putwain, D.W. (2008). Deconstructing test anxiety. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 13(2), 141-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632750802027713
- Ramos, R., Giménez, A.I., Muñoz-Adell, M.A., y Lapaz, E. (2006). A-EP. Evaluación de la autoestima en Educación Primaria. Madrid: Tea Ediciones.
- Ros, A., Filella, G., Ribes, R., y Pérez, N. (2017). Análisis de la relación entre competencias emocionales, autoestima, clima de aula, rendimiento académico y nivel de bienestar en una muestra de escolares de educación primaria. Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía, 28(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.28.num.1.2017.19355
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Segool, N.K., Carlson, J.S., Goforth, A.N., von der Embse, N., y Barterian, J.A. (2013). Heightened test anxiety among young children: Elementary school students’ anxious responses to high-stakes testing. Psychology in the Schools, 50(5), 489–499. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1011096
- Sung, Y.T., y Chao, T.Y. (2015). Construction of the examination stress scale for adolescent students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 48(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748175614538062
- Sung, Y.T., Chao, T.Y., y Tseng, F.L. (2016). Reexamining the relationship between test anxiety and learning achievement: An individual-differences perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 241–252. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.07.001
- Sung, Y.T., Huang, L.Y., Tseng, F.L. y Chang, K.E. (2014). The aspects and ability groups in which little fish perform worse than big fish: Examining the big-fish-little-pond effect in the context of school tracking. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(3), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.05.002
- Vogelaar, B., Bakker, M., Elliott, J.G., y Resing, W.C.M. (2017). Dynamic testing and test anxiety amongst gifted and average-ability children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12136
- von der Embse, N., Barterian, J., y Segool, N. (2013). Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: a systematic review of treatment studies from 2000–2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50(1), 57-71.
- von der Embse, N., Jester, D., Roy, D., y Post, J. (2018). Test anxiety effects, predictors, and correlates: A 30-year meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21660
- Wachelka, D., y Katz, R.C. (1999). Reducing test anxiety and improving academic self-esteem in high school and college students with learning disabilities. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7916(99)00024-5
- Yang, Q., Tian, T., Huebner, E.S., y Zhu, X. (2019). Relations among academic achievement, self-esteem, and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students: A longitudinal mediation model. School Psychology Quarterly, 34(3), 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000292
- Yeo, L.S., Goh, V.G., y Liem, G.A.D. (2016) School-based intervention for test anxiety. Child y Youth Care Forum, 45(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9314-1
- Zeidner, M. (1998). Perspectives on individual differences. Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York, NY: Plenum Press.