Matemáticas electoralesBuscando la proporcionalidad

  1. Palencia González, Francisco Javier 1
  2. Seijas Macias, José Antonio 2
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

  2. 2 Universidade da Coruña
    info

    Universidade da Coruña

    La Coruña, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01qckj285

Revista:
Rect@: Revista Electrónica de Comunicaciones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA

ISSN: 1575-605X

Ano de publicación: 2016

Volume: 17

Número: 2

Páxinas: 117-148

Tipo: Artigo

Outras publicacións en: Rect@: Revista Electrónica de Comunicaciones y Trabajos de ASEPUMA

Resumo

The parliamentary systems of representation are the most extended method of government in the greater part of the countries. These systems are based in the proportionality principle: “One man, one vote”, such as they are organized using systems where a group of people reflects, the most proportional as possible, the feel of the inhabitants, expressed through electoral processes. Even so, these systems present diverse distortions that break the rules of equity. The two more commons are disproportionality and malapportionment, widely studied in the literature. As all the countries and systems, Spain is not different to these problems and, long time ago, diverse voices have heaved to report the fault of proportionality of the Spanish electoral system. Our work is focused at this point; we are looking for answering to these questions: Is the Spanish electoral system proportional? And if the answer is negative, is it possible to reform the system so that it was more proportional? We will see that the system is not proportional and that, with small reforms of the electoral law without need of constitutional modifications, it is possible to correct the distortions. In this paper, we will propose an electoral system using a two-stage process and a modification of the law of distribution of seats that reduces almost to zero the disproportionality degree of the Spanish electoral system.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Balinski, M. L. y Young, H.P. (1982). Fair representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man One vote. Yale University Press: Hew Haven.
  • Banzhaf III, J.F. (1965). Weighted voting doesn’t work: A mathematical analysis. Rutgers Law Review, 19, 137-343
  • Benoit, K. (2000). Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional? A New Look with New Evidence. Political Analysis, 8 (4), 381-388.
  • Colomer, J.M. (2004). Cómo votamos: Los sistemas electorales del mundo: Pasado, presente y futuro. Barcelona: Gedisa
  • Gallagher, M. (1991). Proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems. Electoral Studies, 10 (1): 35. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(91)90004-C.
  • Gallagher, M. (2013). “Election indices” Trinity College. Dublin (http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/ElectionIndices.pdf) (consultado en abril 2016)
  • Garrote de Marcos, M. (2008). Las elecciones del 9 de marzo de 2008 y la igualdad de voto. InDret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho, (2).
  • Grupo de Investigación en Métodos Electorales, GIME. (2009). Informe GIME’09: Un sistema electoral ecuánime para el Congreso de los Diputados. Universidad de Granada.
  • Gudging, G & Taylor, P. (1979). Seats, votes and the spatial organization of elections. London: Pion Limited.
  • Lago, I. & Montero, J.R. (2004). ‘Más votos y menos escaños: el impacto del sistema electoral en las elecciones autonómicas catalanas de 2003’. Reis, 105(4), 11-42.
  • Lago, I. & Montero, J.R. (2005). ‘Todavía no sé quiénes, pero ganaremos’: manipulación política del sistema electoral español. Revista Zona Abierta, (110-111), 279-348.
  • Lijphart, A. (1994). Electoral Systems and party systems. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Monroe, B. L. (1994). ‘Disproportionality and Malapportionment: Measuring Electoral Inequity’. Electoral Studies, 13(2), 132-149
  • Ocaña, F. A., & Oñate, P. (1999). ‘Índices e indicadores del sistema electoral y del sistema de partidos. Una propuesta informática para su Cálculo’. Reis, (86), 223-245.
  • Oñate, P., & Ocaña, F. A. (1999). Análisis de datos electorales. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones
  • Pedersen, M. N. (1979). The dynamics of European party systems: changing patterns of electoral volatility. European Journal of Political Research, 7(1), 1-26.
  • Penadés, A. & Pavía, J.M. (2016). La reforma electoral perfecta. Madrid: Catarata.
  • Penadés A. & Santiuste, S. (2013). La desigualdad en el sistema electoral español y el premio a localización del voto. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 32, 89-116.
  • Penrose, L.S. (1946). The elementary statisitics of majority voting. Journal of the Royal Statistics Society, 109, 53-57.
  • Robinson, E.A. & Ullman D. H. (2011). A Mathematical Look at Politics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Samuels, D. & Snyder R. (2001). ‘The value of a vote: Malapportionment in comparative perspective”. British Journal of Political Science, 31, 651-671.
  • Schubert, G. & Press, Ch. (1964). ‘Measuring Malapportionment’. The American Polticial Science Review, 58(2), 302-327.
  • Seijas Macías, J. A. (2014). ‘Análisis del grado de mal-apportionment en los parlamentos autonómicos del Estado Español’. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 34, 199-221.
  • Simón Cosano, P. (2009). ‘La desigualdad y el valor de un voto: El malapportionment de las Cámaras Bajas en perspectiva comparada (I)’, Revista de Estudios Políticos, 143, 165-188.
  • Still, J. W. (1979). ‘A Class of New Methods for Congressional Apportionment’. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 37(2), 401-418.
  • Urdánoz Ganuza, J. (2009). La desigualdad del voto en España. Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, (13), 271-290.
  • Wright, T. (2014). Lagrange's Identity and Congressional Apportionment. American Mathematical Monthly, 121(6), 523-528