Comunicación y crisis del coronavirus en España. Primeras lecciones

  1. Carmen Costa-Sánchez 1
  2. Xosé López-García 2
  1. 1 Universidade da Coruña
    info

    Universidade da Coruña

    La Coruña, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01qckj285

  2. 2 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Journal:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710,  1699-2407

Year of publication: 2020

Issue Title: Relaciones públicas

Volume: 29

Issue: 3

Type: Article

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2020.MAY.04 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: El profesional de la información

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

Coronavirus crisis has caused a complicated situation at a sanitary, economic and social levels, that requires of a funda-mental work in communication area so that the society comprise and collaborate with the adopted measures. Through the review and synthesis of the scientific and reference literature, the present paper contrasts lessons learnt in previous public health crisis against the communication implemented from the institutional voices and from the press coverage during the first stages of the Covid-19 outbreak in Spain. This paper detects that the absence of an early announcement (or overtaking of the negative stage) and the control messages in a context of uncertainty caused a brusque transition to the following stage of the crisis, coincident with an explosion of the number of contagions, what generated fear. The spokesperson formula applied is against all recommendations of crisis communication. Regarding the journalistic cove-rage, examples of alarmism and sensationalism news arised. The numeric data have been the resource more valuable and the computer graphics the multimedia content more developed. Since the pandemic is still on course, it is recom-mended the learning and the adjustment of the communication and information to the citizens in the following stages of this crisis or in future crisis taking into account the group of first lessons presented here.

Bibliographic References

  • Asociación Española de Comunicación Científica (2020). Consejos para informar sobre el nuevo coronavirus. Madrid: AECC. https://cutt.ly/UyyBEw5
  • Beck, Ulrich (2002). La sociedad del riesgo global. Madrid: Siglo XXI. ISBN: 978 84 32312618.
  • Brennan, Bryna (2014). Una revisión general sobre comunicación de riesgos. Pan American Health Organization. https://cutt.ly/tyyMglk
  • Calleja-Reina, María-Antonia; Becerra, Elena (2017). “La comunicación institucional del virus del ébola en España: análisis de la gestión estratégica online y offline de la crisis”. In: Terrón, José Luis; Peñafiel, Carmen; Catalán, Daniel. Avances en investigación y buenas prácticas en comunicación y salud, pp. 35-48. La Laguna: Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social. ISBN: 978 84 16458806
  • Casero-Ripollés, Andreu (2020). “Impact of Covid-19 on the media system. Communicative and democratic consequences of news consumption during the outbreak”. El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2, e290223. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.23
  • CDC (2020). Pandemia H1N1 del 2009 (virus H1N1pdm09). https://espanol.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html
  • Centro de Estudios de Ciencia, Comunicación y Sociedad (2014). Informe Quiral 2014. Fundació Vila Casas. https://www.fundaciovilacasas.com/es/informe-quiral
  • Churchill, Elliot (2000). “Relaciones efectivas con los medios”. In: Eric K. Noji (ed.). Impacto de los desastres en la salud pública, pp. 122-133. Bogotá: Pan American Health Organization. ISBN: 0 19 509570 7
  • Covello, Vincent (2001). “Risk communication, radiation, and radiological emergencies: strategies, tools, and techniques”. Health physics, v. 101, n. 5, pp. 511-530. https://doi.org/10.1097/HP.0b013e3182299549
  • Covello, Vincent (2010). H1N1 risk and crisis communication: successes and challenges. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4520533
  • DeGiusti, Maria; Mannocci, Alice; Miccoli, Silvia; Palazzo, Caterina; Di Thiene, Domitilla; Scalmato, Valeria; Ursillo, Paolo; Monteduro, Maria-Antonietta; Turri, Alberto; Mazzoli, Pier-Giovanni; La Torre, Giuseppe (2012). “Risk communication during health crises: results of a cross-sectional study to evaluate the effectiveness of adopted corporate communication strategies during the H1N1 influenza pandemic in Italy and on the training needs of health professionals”. Igiene e sanità pubblica, v. 68, n. 1, pp. 69-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507993
  • Ding, Huiling (2014). “Transnational quarantine rhetorics: Public mobilization in SARS and in H1N1 flu”. Journal of medical humanities, v. 35, n. 2, pp. 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-014-9282-8
  • ECDC (2013). A literature review on effective risk communication for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in Europe. Stockholm: ECDC. ISBN: 978 9291933952.
  • Esparza, José (2016). “Epidemias y pandemias virales emergentes: ¿Cuál será la próxima?” Investigación clínica, v. 57, n. 3, pp. 231-235.
  • http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0535-51332016000300001
  • Frisby, Brandi N.; Veil, Shari R.; Sellnow, Timothy L. (2014). “Instructional messages during health-related crises: Essential content for self-protection”. Health communication, v. 29, n. 4, pp. 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.755604
  • Gadekar, Rahul; Krishnatray, Pradeep; Ang, Peng H. (2014). “Framing of the H1N1 flu in an Indian newspaper”. Journal of creative communications, v. 9, n. 1, pp. 49-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258613517438
  • García-Frontiñán, Eva (2017). Comunicación de crisis en los gabinetes de prensa sanitarios. Análisis de la producción periodística y de la información publicada sobre la gripe A. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. https://eprints.ucm.es/41935
  • Gérvas, Juan; Hernández-Aguado, Ildefonso (2009). “Aciertos y errores en la gestión de las crisis de salud pública en España”. Gaceta sanitaria, v. 23, n. 1, pp. 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2007.11.001
  • Gou-Núñez, Míriam (2017). Crisis de salud en los medios de comunicación: El ébola en España. Análisis de los diarios La Vanguardia, El Mundo y El País. Barcelona: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/180517
  • Jang, Kyungeun; Park, Namkee (2018). “The effects of repetitive information communication through multiple channels on prevention behavior during the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea”. Journal of health communication, v. 23, n. 7, pp. 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1501440
  • Jones, Sandra C.; Waters, Louise; Holland, Omnia; Bevins, John; Iverson, Don (2010). “Developing pandemic communication strategies: Preparation without panic”. Journal of business research, v. 63, n. 2, pp. 126-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.009
  • Jurado-Salván, Enrique; Jurado-Izquierdo Marta (2014). “Los errores de comunicación en la crisis del ébola”. Cuadernos de periodistas: revista de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid, n. 29, pp. 90-99. http://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/los-errores-de-comunicacion-en-la-crisis-del-ebola
  • Krishnatray, Pradeep; Gadekar, Rahul (2014). “Construction of death in H1N1 news in The Times of India”. Journalism, v. 15, n. 6, pp. 731-753. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913496497
  • Lorente, José-Ignacio (2010). H1N1. “Virus, discurso del riesgo y gestión mediática de la alarma sanitaria”. In: Comunicación y desarrollo en la era digital. II Congreso internacional de la Asociación Española de Investigadores de la Comunicación (AE-IC). Málaga: AEIC.
  • Mahy, Patrick; Collard, Jean-Marc; Gala, Jean-Luc; Herman, Philippe; De-Groof, Dirk; Quoilin, Sophie; Sneyers, Myriam (2017). “Health crises due to infectious and communicable diseases: European preparedness and response tools in an international context”. Journal of business continuity & emergency planning, v. 10, n. 4, pp. 353-366. https://hstalks.com/article/340/health-crises-due-to-infectious-and-communicable-d
  • Mestre-Ortega, Pilar; Ruiz-de-Gordoa, Juan-José; Mira-Roldán, Amparo; Buendía-Domínguez, Rocío; Bravo-Hernández, Miguel-Ángel (2018). “Análisis de impactos de los medios de comunicación de los casos de la fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en la Comunidad de Madrid (2016). El papel de la comunicación institucional en crisis de salud pública”. Revista de comunicación y salud, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 99-109. https://doi.org/10.35669/revistadecomunicacionysalud.2018.8(1).99-109
  • Ministerio de Sanidad (2020). “Situación actual”. https://cutt.ly/dyofqrp
  • Mondragón, Nahia (2016). “Redes sociales en tiempos de riesgo: Analizando el ébola mediante Twitter”. Opción: Revista de ciencias humanas y sociales, n. 11, pp. 740-756.
  • Monjas-Eleta, María; Gil-Torres, Alicia (2017). “Comunicación institucional y tratamiento periodístico de la crisis del ébola en España entre el 6 y el 8 de octubre de 2014”. Revista de comunicación, v. 16, n. 1, pp. 97-121. https://revistadecomunicacion.com/article/view/1009
  • Ophir, Yotam (2019). “The effects of news coverage of epidemics on public support for and compliance with the CDC – An experimental study”. Journal of health communication, v. 24, n. 5, pp. 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1632990
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud (2015). Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres 2015-2030. WHO. https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_spanishsendaiframeworkfordisasterri.pdf
  • Park, Sejin; Boatwright, Brandon; Avery, Elizabeth-Johnson (2019). “Information channel preference in health crisis: Exploring the roles of perceived risk, preparedness, knowledge, and intent to follow directives”. Public relations review, v. 45, n. 5 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.05.015
  • Qiu, Wuqi; Chu, Cordia (2019). “Clarification of the concept of risk communication and its role in public health crisis management in China”. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, v. 13, n. 5-6, pp. 834-836. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.10
  • Qiu, Wuqi; Chu, Cordia; Hou, Xiaohui; Rutherford, Shannon; Zhu, Bin; Tong, Zhendong; Mao, Ayan (2018). “A comparison of China’s risk communication in response to SARS and H7N9 using principles drawn from international practice”. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, v. 12, n. 5, pp. 587-598. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.114
  • Reuters Institute (2020). Navigating the ‘infodemic’: how people in six countries access and rate news and information about coronavirus. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://cutt.ly/ZyiIISy
  • Reynolds, Barbara; Seeger, Matthew W. (2005). “Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model”. Journal of health communication, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730590904571
  • Rodríguez-Andrés, Roberto (2011). “La efectividad del uso del miedo como factor persuasivo en la comunicación de riesgos en las crisis sanitarias”. Revista de comunicación y salud, v. 1, n. 2, pp. 33-46. https://doi.org/10.35669/revistadecomunicacionysalud.2011.1(2).33-46
  • Rossmann, Constance; Meyer, Lisa; Schulz, Peter J. (2018). “The mediated amplification of a crisis: Communicating the A/H1N1 pandemic in press releases and press coverage in Europe”. Risk analysis, v. 38, n. 2, pp. 357-375. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12841
  • Sandman, Peter M. (2012). Responding to community outrage: Strategies for effective risk communication. American Industrial Hygiene Association. ISBN: 0 932627 51 X
  • Savoia, Elena; Lin, Leesa; Viswanath, Kasisomayajula (2013). Communications in public health emergency preparedness: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science, v. 11, n. 3, pp. 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2013.0038
  • Scarcella, Carmelo; Antonelli, Laura; Orizio, Grazia; Rossmann, Costance; Ziegler, Lena; Meyer, Lisa; García-Jiménez, Leonarda; Losada, José-Carlos; Correia, João; Soares, Joana; Covolo, Loredana; Lirangi, Enrico; Gelatti, Umberto (2013). “Crisis communication in the area of risk management: the CriCoRM project”. Journal of public health research, v. 2, n. 2, pp. 118-121. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2013.e20
  • Smith, Katherine C.; Rimal, Rajiv N.; Sandberg, Helena; Storey, John D.; Lagasse, Lisa; Maulsby, Catherine; Rhoades, Elizabeth; Barnett, Daniel J.; Omer, Saad B.; Links, Jonathan M. (2013). “Understanding newsworthiness of an emerging pandemic: International newspaper coverage of the H1N1 outbreak”. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, v. 7, n. 5, pp. 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12073
  • Takahashi, Bruno; Tandoc Jr, Edson C.; Carmichael, Christine (2015). “Communicating on Twitter during a disaster: An analysis of tweets during Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines”. Computers in human behavior, n. 50, pp. 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.020
  • Vos, Sarah C.; Buckner, Marjorie M. (2016). “Social media messages in an emerging health crisis: Tweeting bird flu”. Journal of health communication, v. 21, n. 3, pp. 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1064495
  • World Health Organization (2004). Sixth futures forum on crisis communication. ISBN: 92 890 1067 3 http://www.euro.who.int/document/E85056.pdf
  • World Health Organization (2005). Outbreak communication guidelines. https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_2005_28en.pdf
  • World Health Organization (2008). World Health Organization outbreak communication planning guide. WHO. ISBN: 978 92 4 159744 9 https://www.who.int/ihr/elibrary/WHOOutbreakCommsPlanngGuide.pdf
  • World Health Organization (2013). Health and environment: communicationg the risks. ISBN: 978 92 890 00512 http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/233759/e96930.pdf
  • World Health Organization (2020). Risk communication and community engagement readiness and response to coronavirus disease (Covid-19). WHO. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/risk-communication-and-community-engagement-readiness-and-initial-response-for-novel-coronaviruses-(-ncov)
  • Xifra, Jordi (2020). “Comunicación corporativa, relaciones públicas y gestión del riesgo reputacional en tiempos del Covid-19”. El profesional de la información, v. 29, n. 2, e290220. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.mar.20
  • Yang, Sung-Un (2018). Effects of government dialogic competency: The MERS outbreak and implications for public health crises and political legitimacy. Journalism and mass communication quarterly, v. 95, n. 4, pp. 1011-1032. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017750360
Data source: Dialnet